Many mammalian studies have shown that only l-carnitine has beneficial effects ( Reference Liedtke, Nellis and Whitesell 16 Reference Spasov, Iezhitsa and Pisarev 18 ) , while d-carnitine can interfere with the uptake and transport of l-carnitine ( Reference Vernez 13 , Reference Paulson and Shug 19 ) , and therefore inhibit the -oxidation of FA ( Reference Spasov and Iezhitsa 20 , Reference Leichter, Ottem and Hahn 21 ) , which has a hepatotoxic effect ( Reference Arafa 22 )
Inter J Pharmacog Phytochem Res 8(1):2230 Sarna LK, Wu N, Hwang SY, Siow YL, O, K, (2010) Berberine inhibits NADPH oxidase mediated superoxide anion production in macrophages
In terms of molecular type/formulation, small molecules account for 67% (31/46, including one peptide with a molecular weight of 749.2), antibody and related formulations represent 20% (9/46), and the remainder (ADC, fusion proteins, siRNA/ASO, etc.) make up 13% (6/46) (see Figure 1)
Koutoukidis, Weight regain after cessation of medication for weight management: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ 392, 2026-01-07, ' e085304 doi: 10.1136/bmj-2025-085304 : .
