Among others, the exposure to e-cig may cause the induction of genes involved in oxidative and xenobiotic stress pathways, increased reactive oxygen species production, decreased expression of genes involved in cilia assembly and movement in the human bronchial epithelial cells (44)
While a study found that IQOS was less cytotoxic than CS to human lung epithelial cell line (A549) (9095% estimated reduction in cytotoxicity), both products yielded reduced levels of glutathione (antioxidant) and increased carbonylation of proteins (markers of chronic lung diseases) 23
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Smoking, lack of exercise, physical inactivity, and other negative lifestyle patterns were risk factors for lumbago [159]